The Illiad by Homer Example For Students

The Illiad by Homer The first person in The Iliad that can be considered god-like is Trojan prince Hector. He is also a commander on the Trojan side, and he truly the greatest Trojan warrior. The character of this Trojan hero is dynamic and changes throughout the book. At the beginning of the book he acts like a great warrior should. He is the most brave out of all the Trojans. Hector leads his army and never fails. In the later part of the book we see Hector as a brave warrior but we are also introduced to his other side, his fear of death. Although he, like all of the other warriors in the Ancient times, knows that through the battle he can earn his eternal glory, he cares more about his family and he knows that if the Trojan army fails, the Greeks will kill his son and take his wife as a slave girl. We will write a custom essay on The Illiad by Homer specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We first meet Hector when he is already on the battlefield and he is encouraging his brother Paris after he challenged great Greek warrior, Menelaus. Hector shows that he is an honorable man, and that fleeing and not fighting is not a way of a real Trojan hero. Paris brother tells him Would to god youd never been born, died unwed. Thats all Id ask. he continues saying Better that way by far than to have u strutting here, an outrage- a mockery in the eyes of all our enemies(3.44-49) Hector tells Paris that he should act like a prince, and he should be more honorable because he is the reason of the whole Trojan war. Hector calls him a coward and tells him that years ago theyd have decked you out in a suit of rocky armor, stoned you to death for all the wrongs youve done!(3.66-68) With these words, Hector convinced his brother and Paris decided to fight Menelaus. In this first instance when we first meet Hector, we see that above anything, honor is the most important thing to him and he will not let his brother act in a dishonorable and bring disgrace to himself and the whole family. Later in the book we continue to see that Hector is a heroic person and that he values glory over his own life. He is not afraid of death and he hopes that one day, in the future, people will still talk about him, just like they did about other heroes. In his speech on the battlefield, when he talked to both sides, he hopes that one day people will be able to say about him that Theres the mound of a man who died in the old days, one of the brave whom glorious Hector killed. and continues that someday, and my fame will never die.(7.103-105) These words are a great example of how Ancient Greeks and Trojans thought and how they valued eternal glory over everything else. But later in the book we are also introduced to a different side of Hector. His fear of death. He knows that he might die and that motivates him to fight, but later we see that he does not want to die. After a fight with Ajax, from which he retreated, in his conversation with deadly Archer, Apollo, he says Ajax struck me down with a boulder he took the fight right out of me I thought Id breathed my last(15.296-302) This shows us that he is afraid of death. In the face of death he acted just like his brother Paris before. He acted in the same way right before his death. In the book 22 Hector looked up, saw him(Achilles), started to tremble, nerve gone, he could hold his ground no longer, he left the gates behind him and away he fled in fear(22.162-164) .u5d2edeae54d71c65f84422ff0b86c754 , .u5d2edeae54d71c65f84422ff0b86c754 .postImageUrl , .u5d2edeae54d71c65f84422ff0b86c754 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5d2edeae54d71c65f84422ff0b86c754 , .u5d2edeae54d71c65f84422ff0b86c754:hover , .u5d2edeae54d71c65f84422ff0b86c754:visited , .u5d2edeae54d71c65f84422ff0b86c754:active { border:0!important; } .u5d2edeae54d71c65f84422ff0b86c754 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5d2edeae54d71c65f84422ff0b86c754 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5d2edeae54d71c65f84422ff0b86c754:active , .u5d2edeae54d71c65f84422ff0b86c754:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5d2edeae54d71c65f84422ff0b86c754 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5d2edeae54d71c65f84422ff0b86c754 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5d2edeae54d71c65f84422ff0b86c754 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5d2edeae54d71c65f84422ff0b86c754 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5d2edeae54d71c65f84422ff0b86c754:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5d2edeae54d71c65f84422ff0b86c754 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5d2edeae54d71c65f84422ff0b86c754 .u5d2edeae54d71c65f84422ff0b86c754-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5d2edeae54d71c65f84422ff0b86c754:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: THE MEDICAL MARIJUANA REBELLION EssayHe acted in a dishonorable, not heroic and disgraceful way. Although these two times, he is still considered a hero and he is a good example of what the Homer, just as all the Ancient Greeks, considered to be heroic. The only person that was not afraid of death was Achilles, the greatest Greek warrior. Achilles was half human and half god. He is truly what a god should be according to the Ancient Greeks view on how a real god should act. Achilles, the great runner, is a very selfish person who only cares about his honor and glory. We meet him right away in the first book and all the way up until the middle of the book he is not fighting because of his honor. The great king Agamemnon took one of the slave girls and by this action insulted great warrior Achilles, he said that You Achaeans gave her, now youve snatched her back. But all the rest i possess beside my fast black ship- not one bit of you can seize against my will, Atrides, he then even threatens them saying Come, try it! So the men can see, that instant, your black blood gush and spurt around my spear.(1.352-355). After these words Achilles got mad and decided not to get involved into the fights with Trojans. Achilles knew that if he did not get involved, the whole Greek army would fail and most of the Greeks would die. He did not care. All that he cared about was his honor and his eternal glory. In Ancient Greece, those were the most important heroic values, and because of that he was considered god-like. Achilles would protect his honor above almost anything, he almost killed Agamemnon. If it was not for the Athenas intervention who told him Down from the skies I come to check your rage one day glittering gifts will lie before you, three times over to pay for all his(Agamemnon) outrage. Hold back now. Obey us both.(1.242-250), this calmed Achilles down because he would not dare to fight the Athenas orders. The greatest Greek Warrior knows that with him, the conquer of Troy would not be a difficult task but because of Agamemnons arrogant and disrespectful acts he is not going to help the Greeks. In the book 9, Agamemnon tries to convince Achilles to come back and fight by offering him Splendid gifts seven tripods never touched by fire, ten bards of gold, twenty burnished cauldrons, a dozen massive stallions, racers who earned me trophies with their speeds he goes on, and even offers his own daughter saying that he(Achilles) will be mine son-by-marriage!(9.145-170), but he says no. But after all, Achilles does come back to the fight, but only because of his personal reason. His friend, and his right-hand Patroclus dies, and Hector is the one that has Patroclus blood on his hands. Because of this Achilles seeks to avenge his beloved friend. He only fights with Hector because of his a nger and his selfish, personal reasons which in the Ancient Greece were considered to be heroic, because it made Achilles a cruel and simple man. Achilles from the beginning knew that if he joined the battle, he would die at the end. He knew the prophecy but he also knew that if he fought Hector and take the Troy, he would accomplish what every real Greek hero desire, the immortal glory. He did not care about his death, just like the Greeks, he only cared about his name. In the Book 22, we can see a contrast between the greatest Greek hero and the greatest Trojan hero. When the two of them fight, the Trojan hero is afraid of death. Achilles on the other hand is proud and he never even considers that he might fail. He knows that this is his time, and that people will talk about it in the future. When Achilles went for him, fast, sure of his speed as the wild mountain hawk, the quickest thing on wings(22.165-166) .ub3da603b94623961c58895978c0a1315 , .ub3da603b94623961c58895978c0a1315 .postImageUrl , .ub3da603b94623961c58895978c0a1315 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub3da603b94623961c58895978c0a1315 , .ub3da603b94623961c58895978c0a1315:hover , .ub3da603b94623961c58895978c0a1315:visited , .ub3da603b94623961c58895978c0a1315:active { border:0!important; } .ub3da603b94623961c58895978c0a1315 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub3da603b94623961c58895978c0a1315 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub3da603b94623961c58895978c0a1315:active , .ub3da603b94623961c58895978c0a1315:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub3da603b94623961c58895978c0a1315 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub3da603b94623961c58895978c0a1315 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub3da603b94623961c58895978c0a1315 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub3da603b94623961c58895978c0a1315 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub3da603b94623961c58895978c0a1315:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub3da603b94623961c58895978c0a1315 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub3da603b94623961c58895978c0a1315 .ub3da603b94623961c58895978c0a1315-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub3da603b94623961c58895978c0a1315:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hiii EssayHector was running away just like his coward-brother. Although Achilles is very vindictive person which we can see when right after he killed Hector he says laughing at his dead body Ah, look here- how much softer he is to handle now(22. 439-440), and when he knotted straps of rawhide through them both(feet), lashed them to his chariot so his whole head was dragged down in the dust(22.464-477), at the end we can see that he is a good, hero-like person, when he lets Priam, Hectors father, take his sons dead body home so he say goodbye to his son in a proper way. Achilles respects Hector and admits that Hector was a good warrior, and after Priam asks him for nine d ays to give a proper burial to Hector, Achilles without any hesitation replies to him saying All will be done, old Priam, as you command. I will hold our attack as long as you require.(24.787-788) This shows that at the end, Achilles is truly the greatest hero, and in all ways he is what a Ancient Greek would consider a heroic person.

Mental Maps - How We See the World

Mental Maps - How We See the World A persons perception of the world is known as a mental map. A mental map is an individuals own internal map of their known world. Geographers like to learn about the mental maps of individuals and how they order the space around them. This can be investigated by asking for directions to a landmark or other location, by asking someone to draw a sketch map of an area or describe that area, or by asking a person to name as many places (i.e. states) as possible in a short period of time. Its quite interesting what we learn from the mental maps of groups. In many studies, we find that those of lower socioeconomic groups have maps which cover smaller geographic areas than the mental maps of affluent individuals. For instance, residents of lower-income areas of Los Angeles know about upscale areas of the metropolitan area such as Beverly Hills and Santa Monica but really dont know how to get there or where they are exactly located. They do perceive that these neighborhoods are in a certain direction and lie between other known areas. By asking individuals for directions, geographers can determine which landmarks are embedded in the mental maps of a group. Many studies of college students have been performed around the world to determine their perception of their country or region. In the United States, when students are asked to rank the best places to live or the place they would most like to move to, California and Southern Florida consistently rank very high. Conversely, states such as Mississippi, Alabama, and the Dakotas rank low in the mental maps of students who dont live in those regions. Ones local area is almost always viewed most positively and many students, when asked where theyd like to move, just want to stay in the same area where they grew up. Students in Alabama rank their own state as a great place to live and would avoid the North. It is quite interesting that there are such divisions in the mental maps between the northeast and southeast portions of the country which are remnants of the Civil War and a division over 140 years ago. In the United Kingdom, students from around the country are quite fond of the southern coast of England. Far northern Scotland is generally perceived negatively and even though London is near the cherished southern coast, there is an island of slightly negative perception around the metropolitan area. Investigations of mental maps show that the mass medias coverage and stereotypical discussions and coverage of places around the world has a major effect on peoples perception of the world. Travel helps to counter the effects of the media and generally increase a persons perception of an area, especially if it is a popular vacation destination.

Homemade Shampoo From Scratch

Homemade Shampoo From Scratch There are a lot of reasons why you might want to make your own shampoo from scratch. The big two probably are wanting to avoid the chemicals in commercial shampoos by controlling the ingredients, and wanting to save a few bucks by making it yourself. Back in ye olden days, shampoo was soap with additional moisturizers so that it didnt strip the natural oils from your scalp and hair. Although you can make shampoos that are dry or solid, it is easier to use if there is enough water to make a gel or liquid. Shampoos tend to be acidic because if the pH gets too high (alkaline) the sulfur bridges in the hair keratin can break, causing damage that no detangler could repair. This recipe for making your own gentle shampoo is chemically a liquid soap, except vegetable-based (many soaps use animal fat) and with alcohol and glycerin added during the process. Make it in a well-ventilated room or outdoors and be sure to read all of the safety precautions on the ingredients. Ingredients 5 1/4 cups of olive oil2 7/8 cups of solid-type vegetable shortening2 cups of coconut oil1 1/4 cups of lye (sodium hydroxide)4 cups water3 tablespoons glycerin  (glycerol)1 tablespoon vodka (or another food-quality ethanol, but do not use methanol)3 tablespoons castor oilOptional: Essential oils like peppermint, rosemary, or lavender for fragrance and therapeutic properties Directions In a large pan, mix together the olive oil, shortening, and coconut oil.In a well-ventilated area, preferably wearing gloves and eye protection in case of accidents, mix the lye and water. Use a glass or enameled container. This is an exothermic reaction, so heat will be produced.Warm the oils to 95 F to 98 F and allow the lye solution to cool to the same temperature. One of the easiest ways to accomplish this is to set both containers into a large sink or pan full of water that is at the correct temperature.When both mixtures are at the proper temperature, stir the lye solution into the oils. The mixture will turn opaque and may darken.When the mixture has a creamy texture, stir in the glycerine, alcohol, castor oil, and any fragrance oils or colorants.You have a couple of options here. You can pour the shampoo into soap molds and allow it to harden. To use this shampoo, either lather it with your hands and work it into your hair or else shave flakes into hot water to liquefy it.The other option is to make liquid shampoo, which involves adding more water to your shampoo mixture and bottling it. You may have noticed that many shampoos are pearlescent. You can make your homemade shampoo glittery by adding glycol distearate, which is a natural wax derived from stearic acid. The tiny wax particles reflect light, causing the effect.

Physician Assistant role in rural health care system Essay

Physician Assistant role in rural health care system - Essay Example The most recent data from the AAPA show that 22 percent of PAs identify themselves as practicing in rural communities. Real numbers of PAs in rural areas has steadily climbed — from 6,700 in 1996 to over 10,000 in 2002.2 A significant proportion of physician assistants provide health care to rural Americans. In addition to supporting the work of physicians who have chosen a rural practice, many PAs are the sole primary care providers in rural communities.   By increasing access to primary care and preventive services, PAs help reduce overall medical costs. It is in the best interest of rural managed care systems to provide cost-effective local health care services.   Sustaining the care provided to rural Americans by PAs not only increases access to primary care, it also promotes continuity of existing care.   When patients are satisfied with their current health care providers, they should be allowed, or even encouraged, to continue to utilize them in a managed care

The Black Panther Party Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Black Panther Party - Research Paper Example They were the victims of constant harassment and violence orchestrated by white mobs such as the Ku Klux Klan and the government, especially the police, who arrested them arbitrarily without any justifiable reason to do so (Claver 29). It is for these reasons that these people found it necessary to come together and form an organization, which would be well equipped to protect them and to offer leadership necessary in improving their livelihoods. This paper is a critical evaluation of the Black Panther Party and its activities in the US from 1966 to 1982. The Black Panther Party The Black Panther Party was a political organization in the US, which existed between 1966 and 1982. It was established by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale as a movement to fight for the liberation of black people, who were going through racial discrimination and violence orchestrated by organizations, which advocated for white supremacy (Hilliard 18). The African American society at this time faced numerous chall enges such as police brutality, racism, poverty and lack of political representation among others and, therefore, it was necessary for them to unite under a common agenda in order to defend themselves and protect their interests. To achieve these objectives, the party adopted a socialistic ideology, which led to the foundation of school feeding programs for pupils, whereby, more than 15000 children were beneficiaries. The party also felt the need to establish health facilities to cater for the African American people who were usually neglected by the national government and the white society as a whole, which perceived them as second class citizens, who did not deserve any compassion or sympathy (Hilliard 22). As earlier stated, police brutality against the African Americans was a common phenomenon. This was one of the issues that the party wanted to solve and to that end, members of the party organized themselves into several armed groups, which were to engage in patrols aimed at n eutralizing inhumane police activities (Claver 44). The groups followed police officers whenever they were on patrol and if they dared arrest or harass a member of the community without a justifiable reason, then, the police were to be beaten and chased away from the vicinity. This led to occasional exchange of fire between the police and the vigilantes sometimes resulting to injuries and death. For example, in 1967, one of the founders of the party, Huey, was injured and hospitalized after a shooting incident involving the Oakland police and the party members. Later, while in hospital, he was accused of causing the death of a police officer during the incident. Similarly, the police officers ambushed several party members from the same department in 1968 for no apparent reason. The police just started firing at the persons’ vehicle, thereby, forcing people such as Eldridge Cleaver and Bobby Hutton, to take refuge in a basement of a nearby house. The police fired at them for a long time after which they threw teargas into the basement forcing Hutton to come out lifting his hands as a sign of surrender but the police sprayed him with bullets killing him instantly. This is proof of how government instruments disregarded human life with respect to the black society. In fact, it may be noted that the authorities, including the FBI, adopted numerous inhumane ways, such as assassination,

Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body

Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body Anatomy and Physiology Part A Identify the parts of the digestive system on the diagram overleaf?(Refer to Brief) Explain the function of each part of the digestive system identified in the diagram above? Outline the composition of Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates, and explain how each of them are digested and absorbed by the body? Part B Draw a diagram of a typical cell and state the function of each of its organelles? Classify tissues into the four main groups; epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous, give an example of each? (Table format will suffice) Explain the difference between benign and malignant tumours? Part C Label the urinary system using the diagram overleaf?(Refer to Brief) Explain the structure and function of each element of the urinary system? Draw the structure of a Nephron and explain how it produces urine? Name and explain three diseases /disorders which affect the urinary system? Part A (ii)Explain the function of each part of the digestive system identified in the diagram above? Mouth Oesophagus Stomach Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Large Intestine Small Intestine Appendix Rectum Anus In this section I will explain each of the stages of digestion where the food travels from the mouth into each section of the digestive system until it leaves the body from the anus. Mouth This is the first part of the digestive system. The mouth is made up of the teeth, tongue and salivary glands. We put food in our mouth and chew it with our teeth the are four main types of teeth the first being incisors which we have four of in the top and bottom jaws these are sharp and cut through our food. Then we have the canines we have two in each jaw and are used for tearing our food. We then have the premolars which have four in each jaw for crushing and breaking down our food. Then we have the molars which there are six to each jaw and have the same action as the premolars. Our tongue moves the food around our mouth to our different teeth. It mixes with our saliva which is secreted from the salivary glands which contains water, mucus and the enzyme salivary amylase and when mixed with the food creates bolus which we then swallow using the aid of our tongue. (Class notes 2015) Oesophagus This is an involuntary muscular tube that leads from the mouth to the stomach. It carries the food to the stomach by muscle contraction called peristalsis. This muscle contracts and relaxes to create a wave like motion for the food to travel down smoothly also releasing mucus to lubricate the travelling of the bolus to the stomach. (Class notes 2015) Stomach Food gets to the stomach through the oesophagus and passes through the cardiac sphincter this blocks the food from travelling back up the oesophagus. In the stomach which resembles a large sac that can hold anything between 2- 4 litres of food depending on the person. The first part of digestion starts here the stomach churns the bolus around and adds enzymes to aid in the breakdown of the bolus to create chime. The stomach also releases hydrochloric acid to kill the bacteria that travel to the stomach contained in the food.(Class notes 2015) Liver The livers function in the digestive system is as follows it secretes bile into the small intestine and this is generally to breakdown the fat that has travelled to the small intestine it also takes the nutrients that have been adsorbed by the small intestine and changes them into chemicals that the body needs. It also breaks down drugs and alcohol that have been consumed. . (clevelandclinic.org 2015) Gallbladder The Gallbladder is attached to the liver and stores the bile from the liver which is used to digest and break down the fats in the small intestine this takes place in the duodenum. Pancreas The pancreas is a gland that is just behind the stomach its function is to secrete both Exocrine and Endocrine. Exocrine is the pancreatic juice that contains digestive enzymes. Endocrine contains important hormones which include insulin and glucagon. Both of these help balance the amount of sugar in the body in different ways. Large Intestine The large intestine is approx. 1.5 metres long and connects the small intestine to the rectum and anus this is draped over the small intestine its main function is to draw the last of the nutrients and water from the food passing through it the left overs are faeces and the large intestine gets rid of this waste from the body through the anus. Small Intestine The small intestine is normally about 6 meters long and approximately 90% of digestion takes place here through the main 3 parts that are known as duodenum, jejunum and ileum. On the inside walls of the small intestine are villi that work for nutrient absorption and also have a group of lymph and blood vessels. Appendix The appendix is commonly classed as a useless organ which is attached to the large intestine ascending it can store bad bacteria and this in turn can cause inflammation thus leading to appendicitis and removal of the appendix. Although it is disputed that the appendix can store good bacteria and after a bout of diarrheal illnesses it can reboot the digestive system. (webmd.com 2015) Rectum The rectum is the last part of the large intestine the length being around 12cm long and is a store house for faeces. This is the leftover food, bacteria and undigested materials such as roughage that is found in vegetables and is all stored here until the rectum walls expand and we get the urge to defecate. (healthline.com 2015) Anus This is the very last part of the digestive system we defecate through the anus and is a voluntary movement in most people but not in infants. This is where we dispel waste which contains bacteria, undigested food. Part A (iii)Outline the composition of Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates, and explain how each of them are digested and absorbed by the body? In this section I will create a chart covering the sources, functions and digestion of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the human body and will show there different effects and how they fuel the body with energy. Sources Function Digestion Proteins Groundnuts, beans, whole cereals, fish, pulses,meat,eggs, Milk and cheese. Protein builds the Body and repairs muscle. It’s broken down in the digestive system and travels to the muscles as amino acids. Stomach, Pepsin breaks protein into large polypeptides. Small intestine, enzymes break large polypeptides into smaller polypeptide chains. Lastly still in the intestine enzymes the small polypeptides are broken into amino acids for absorption. Fats Dairy products, meat, fish, olive oil, cake, chocolate, avocados and sunflower oil. Good fats help maintain a healthy diet and are essential to health. Bad fats cause weight gain and health problems such as clogged arteries. Small intestine Broken down by bile salts from the liver and turned into liquid. Small intestine, its broken down further into fatty acids and glycerol to be absorbed. Carbohydrates Potatoes, pasta, apples, bread, meat, fish and dairy products. Provide the body with energy for the muscles, nervous system and also help the body burn fat. Carbohydrates get broken down to monosaccharide’s to get absorbed and then will become glucose to supply the body with energy. Part B Draw the typical diagram of a cell, and state the function of each of its organelles? In this section I will draw a typical animal cell as I see it and will give a breakdown of each of its organelles and how they function in the typical cell. Cell membrane, this is the outer skin of the cell that holds everything inside the cell and keeps things outside the cell and also that controls movement into or out of the cell. Cytoplasm, this is a gel like fluid which stores nutrients and water for the cell and also helps protect the cell acting like a cushion for cell movement. Nucleus, this contains DNA and all the cells genetic characteristics and also direct the activity of the cell. Nuclear membrane, this is the layer that holds the nucleus separate from the cytoplasm. Endoplasmic reticulum, there are two types of endoplasmic reticulum these are rough (moves protein made by ribosomes) and smooth(steroid and lipid distribution) but both move the materials around the cell. Ribosomes, these are responsible for protein production in the cell and are known as the protein factories of the cell. The protein is required for cell repair and growth. Golgi apparatus, These are known as the postal system of the cell they transport package and deliver proteins lipids and enzymes throughout the cells of the body.(Class notes 2015) Mitochondria, Also known as the power house of the cell because they supply energy to the cell. Chemical reactions in the mitochondria are the difference with the cell surviving also the energy released results in the formation of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) which is the primary energy transporter in the cell. Lysosomes, clean the cell of waste generated through parts of the cell being bad and also clean the cell of bacteria. They also aid in the breakdown of food particles and then can be used for energy in the cell. Vacuoles, these are storage areas in the cell that contain secretions or waste that are made by the cytoplasm and in different types of cells are used for digestion or storage. Nucleolus, this is a tiny body inside the nucleus that directs the formation of ribosomes in the cell which then are stored in the cytoplasm of the cell. Part B (ii)Classify tissues into the four main groups; epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous, give an example of each? (Table format will suffice) Here I will construct a table to outline the four main groups of tissues and give an example of each as I understand them. Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous Skin Intestines Internal organs Glands Bone Cartilage Adipose Blood Skeletal muscle (voluntary) Smooth (involuntary) Cardiac (involuntary Brain Spinal cord Nerves Example The outer body is covered in epithelial skin this helps protect against infection keeping germs out and all of our blood and muscle tissue on the inside. Outer skin on the body. This connects the bones to each other holding them together while cartilage reduces friction between bones. The femur and the patella are connected to the tibia and fibula. This consists of muscle that can contract and relax and keeps the skeleton attached to the body. The heart is an involuntary muscle that beats to circulate blood around the body. This type can transmit messages to the brain and from the brain to the rest of the body to warn of pain and for movement.(touching) Part B (iii) Explain the difference between benign and malignant tumours? I will now explain the difference between benign and malignant tumours and their different effects on the body and how they affect us. Tumours are cells that escape from their normal function and multiply out of control. They then form a lump known as a growth or a tumour. (Class notes 2015) Benign A benign tumour is not cancerous and does not spread cancer to the rest of the body it is an isolated growth usually grows in size and can put pressure on the area it’s growing in. The benign tumour can be dangerous if it grows on the brain although it’s not cancerous it can continue to grow in size and put pressure on the brain and lead to major problems. Malignant All malignant tumours are cancerous and can spread through the body causing secondary tumours or metastases. Malignant tumours spread through the blood and lymphatic system around the body. Some malignant tumours can spread very quickly and aggressively to other parts of the body even though the primary tumour may still be small while sometimes they can grow slower and not spread as quickly. Through research it has become clear that malignant brain tumours are the most aggressive and have the ability to spread to the spine and other parts of the body. Although malignant tumours are treatable by surgery to remove the tumour and also may require a follow up treatment of radiotherapy and chemotherapy to rid the body of anymore cancerous cells malignant tumours can return.(nhs.uk 2015) Part C (ii)Explain the structure and function of each element of the urinary system? The function of the urinary system is to clean the body of waste products and excess fluid and to also produce a hormone controlling at the rate red blood cells are made and the enzyme for regulation of blood pressure. Structure Function Kidney The kidney is a bean shaped organ that we have two of containing around 1 million nephrons in each kidney They are around 11cm long and 6cm wide weighing 150g. Kidneys are inside a membrane known as the renal capsule to protect it from trauma and infection. There are two main areas the renal cortex and the renal medulla. The function of the kidney is to clean and filter your blood to also recycle fluids and nutrients required by the body and produce urine for excretion. Ureter The ureter is around 12 inches long and connects kidneys to the bladder it’s made up of muscular tissue that contracts and also contains mucous to help prevent infection. The function of the ureters is to carry the urine from the kidneys down to the bladder. Bladder The human bladder is a hollow sac for storing urine it is comprised of three layers of smooth muscle and also coated with a mucous membrane and located in the pelvic area. The bladders function is to store the urine. When the walls of the bladder contract this results in urination. The normal bladder can hold approx. 470ml of urine. In the bladder we have an internal sphincter which relaxes voluntarily to expel urine. Urethra This is a tube that connects the bladder to the outside of the body. The function of the urethra is to carry the urine from the bladder to the outside of the body it’s longer in men than women. Part C (iii)Draw the structure of a Nephron and explain how it produces urine? Below I will draw the structure of the nephron and explain how the nephron produces urine to rid the body of waste fluids. We do not realise how important it is to dispel urine and how important it is to survive. Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons these are the filtration system for the body to clean the blood and expel waste and reabsorb nutrients. Filtration in the Bowman’s capsule. Blood travels into the kidneys by the afferent arterioles. These are small blood vessels that turn in to the glomerulus. Meshes of capillaries that are surrounded by the glomerular are also known as the Bowman’s capsule. The blood in these capillaries are under pressure and the capillary walls can let water and other materials through into the capsule. The capsule is a gathering point for the waste products of the blood. Although it has collected other materials that are not waste and shall be absorbed by the nephron as they pass through. (An introductory guide to anatomy and physiology (Louise Tucker) 4th edition) Re-absorption in the convoluted tubule. When the filtered materials are collected by the capsule they move into a system of twisted tubes that are known as convoluted tubules. The tubes that flow away from the bowman’s capsule are the proximal convoluted tubules. These flatten out to form a long loop, called the loop of Henle which flows to the medulla and back to the cortex. Lastly there is more twists called the distal convoluted tubules This is where the reabsorption takes place in these tubules. The cells in the lining can absorb any water, ions and water that the body requires and shouldn’t be disposed of as waste. Only 1% of liquid that travels through the Bowman’s capsule is expelled as urine all the rest is reabsorbed. (An introductory guide to anatomy and physiology (Louise Tucker) 4th edition) Collection in the pelvic calyces This is where the nephron flattens out into a straight collecting tube in the medulla. These tubes form a collection called the pyramids of the medulla the tops of these travel up to the renal pelvis. These branches of the pelvis attach to the tops of the pyramids and gather the waste liquid. It’s the funnelled back towards the pelvis and then empties into the ureter and then can travel to the bladder and down to the urethra to be expelled as urine. (An introductory guide to anatomy and physiology (Louise Tucker) 4th edition). (iv)Name and explain three diseases /disorders which affect the urinary system? Kidney stones These are solid stones which are made up from deposits from substances that are found in urine. They form and are found in the renal pelvis, ureters and the bladder they are very sore on the patient and sometimes require surgery for removal or can be broken down with laser treatment and then passed in the urine. Incontinence This is involuntary defecation or urination but mainly urination that is more common in the elderly, pregnant women or women that have had babies. It is the involuntary leaking of urine and also happens from sneezing or coughing or sometimes the bladder may be full and you may not make it to the toilet in time. It is very embarrassing for the people who suffer with it. Urethritis This is an inflammation of urethra and causes painful urination. This is the tube that carries the urine from the bladder to be expelled by the body. It is a bacterial infection and causes discomfort when urinating it can burn the sufferer when dispelling urine and it may cause discharge also. Though more common in women due to women having a shorter urethra than men. Bibliography (An introductory guide to anatomy and physiology (Louise Tucker) 4th edition) (Class notes 2015) (clevelandclinic.org 2015) (healthline.com 2015) (nhs.uk 2015) (webmd.com 2015)

Effectiveness Of Therapeutic Play Health And Social Care Essay

This chapter dealt with literature mention sing curative drama and painful processs and surveies related to Gate Control Theory. This chapter besides dealt with conceptual model of Melzack and Wall ( 1965 ) Gate Control Theory. CHAPTER-III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter deals with the methodological analysis selected for measuring the effectivity of curative drama on degree of hurting during endovenous canulation. The function of methodological analysis consists of processs and techniques of carry oning a survey. ( Sharma,1990 ) Methodology is a important portion of the research under which the research worker is able to project a bluish print of the research undertaken RESEARCH APPROACH The subdivision of research attack is the basic process for carry oning a research question. In position of the nature of the job selected and aims to be accomplished, a quantitative appraising research attack was considered appropriate to measure the effectivity of curative drama before making endovenous canulation among kids admitted in selected infirmary, Salem. RESEARCH DESIGN Research design is the overall program for turn toing research worker ‘s inquiries including specification for heightening the survey ‘s unity. ( Polit and Beck, 2004 ) Choice of design is based on the intent of the survey. The research design adopted for the survey was Non-equivalent Post trial merely control group design. Group Day 1 Experimental group X O1 Control group O1 Fig-3.1: Conventional representation of research design Keies: Ten: Intervention on curative drama. O1: Post-test merely to measure the degree of hurting during endovenous canulation. VARIABLES UNDER STUDY: A variable is a mensurable or potentially mensurable constituent of an object or event that may fluctuate in quality or measure from one person, object or event to another single object or event of the same general category. ( Basavanthappa, 1998 ) The variables under the survey was the followers, Independent variable: Harmonizing to Polit and Hungler, ( 1999 ) the independent variable is believed to care or act upon the behavior and thoughts. In this survey the independent variable refers to curative drama before making endovenous canulation. Dependent Variable: The dependant variable is the variable, the research worker is interested in understanding, explicating and predating. ( Polit and Hungler, 1999 ) In this survey the dependant variable refers to the degree of hurting during endovenous canulation among kids. Extraneous Variable: The variables that are present in research environment which may interfere with research findings by moving as unwanted independent variable. ( Woods and Khan, 1994 ) In this survey it refers to selected demographic variables such as age in old ages, gender and behavioral response to endovenous canulation. Setting OF THE STUDY: The scene of the survey is the physical location and status in which information aggregation takes topographic point. ( Polit and Hungler, 2009 ) The survey was conducted in Pranav Hospital, Salem. It is located near to New Bus Stand and about 2kms distance from the establishment, where the research worker is analyzing. The infirmary is 150 stratified multi forte infirmary with 30 bed in Paediatric unit. Population: Harmonizing to Polit and Beck. , ( 2004 ) population is the full collection of instances in which a research worker is interested. Population may be of two types, accessible population and mark population. In this survey two are described. Target Population: It refers to the population that the research worker wishes to do a generalization. In this research the mark population was kids acquiring admitted in Pranav Hospital. Accessible Population: It refers to the sum of instances which confirm to the designed standards and which is accessible to the research worker as the pool of topics or objects. In this survey the population consisted of kids acquiring admitted in Pranav Hospital who were undergoing endovenous canulation during the period of survey. Sample: Harmonizing to Polit and Beck. , ( 2004 ) sampling is the procedure of choosing a part of population to stand for the full population. Sample is the subset of population elements. In this survey the samples selected from kids of age group 3-6 old ages undergoing endovenous canulation in Pranav Hospital who fulfil the inclusion standards. Sampling TECHNIQUE AND SAMPLE SIZE Thomas. , ( 1990 ) defines trying is the procedure of choosing units for survey from a population. In this survey Purposive sampling technique was used to choose sample. Sample size was 20 for control group and 20 for experimental group. CRITERIA FOR SAMPLE SELECTION Inclusion Standards: The topic was selected based on the preset standards, aˆ? Children between the age group of 3-6yrs. aˆ? Children who had admitted in pediatric ward for the intervention through endovenous canulation. Exclusion Standards: aˆ? Mentally challenged kids. aˆ? Children with critically sick or of exigency admittance. DESCRIPTION AND INTERPRETATION OF TOOLS The instrument selected in research must be vechile that obtain best informations for pulling decision to the survey. ( Treece and Treece, 1986 ) The tool developed based on the information gathered from relevant literature reappraisal. The content cogency of the demographic informations and independent variable was established by obtaining sentiment from 5 experts ( 3 Nursing experts and 2 Medical experts ) . Tool -1: Demographic informations: It includes age in old ages, gender, behavioral response to endovenous canulation of the kid. Demographic information of the instrument was non scored but used for descriptive analysis. Tool-2: Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale: This evaluation graduated table is recommended for kids of ages 3and older. It consists of mark 0,2,4,6,8,10. During the clip of endovenous canulation the facial look of the kid was assessed by the research worker with this hurting graduated table. Face 0-no injury, Face 2-hurts merely a small spot, Face 4-hurts a little more, Face 6-hurts even more, Face 8-hurts a whole batch, Face 10-hurt every bit much as we can conceive of. Based on the hiting the hurting degree was assessed. Development of curative drama for direction of painful processs: A curative drama on direction of painful processs was prepared to diminish the degree of hurting during endovenous canulation. The stuffs used were venflon without stillet, plaster, stuffed doll with endovenous injection site, splint. The presentation was done by the research worker utilizing the needed stuffs and so the kid was allowed to pattern the endovenous canulation for the doll. This method was done before making endovenous canulation to the kid by the staff nurse. VALIDITY OF THE TOOL AND INDEPENDENT VARIABLE: The content was validated by the same 5 experts who validated the tool ( demographic variable ) and independent variable as per the standard. Harmonizing to experts suggestions the necessary images were included in the independent variable. It was translated in Tamil and once more retranslated in English by the linguistic communication experts severally. PILOT STUDY: Pilot survey is the little scale version or a trail tally done in readying for major survey. ( Polit and Hungler, 1999 ) The Pilot survey was conducted in SKS Hospital at Salem. After acquiring the written permission from concerned authorization, researcher conducted survey from 4.08.2010 to 11.08.2010 among kids who underwent endovenous canulation. The intent of the survey was explained to the samples and their parent every bit good as written consent was obtained from them. The entire size was 2 for control group and 2 for experimental group. Purposive sampling technique was used for sample choice. For the control group without giving intercession, the degree of hurting was assessed. A concise information analysis done by utilizing descriptive and illative statistics. The consequence of the survey showed the average station trial degree of hurting for control group as 90 % and for experimental group as 50 % . After that the ‘t ‘ value was calculated to happen out the important difference between the degree of hurting for control group and experimental group at P & lt ; 0.05 degree of significance. No important difference was seen between the control group and experimental group. No association was found between station trial degree of hurting and their age, gender and behavioral response of the kid. Since the sample size was merely 2 for control group and 2 for the experimental group. so the survey was non found as important in ‘t ‘ trial and chi-square trial. DATACOLLECTION PROCEDURE: Harmonizing to Polit and Hungler. , ( 1999 ) , â€Å" Data aggregation is the assemblage of information needed to turn to a research job † . Data aggregation for the survey was done from 18.08.2010 to 05.09.2010 in Pranav Hospital at Salem. Initially the research worker got the permission from the concerned authorization. Then the population were identified from the kids who have got admitted in the infirmary were selected by utilizing purposive sampling technique based on the inclusion standards. The sample size was 20 kids as control group and 20 as experimental group and the intent of the survey was explained to the samples and their parent every bit good as willingness to take part was assured by taking written consent of the parent of each sample and giving confidence for maintaining their information confidentially. At first the control group was selected and no intercession was given. On the twenty-four hours of admittance the hurting degree was assessed, during endovenous canulation by utilizing Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale. After the control group got finished, the experimental group was selected by purposive sampling technique. On day-1, after the kid got admitted, the parents and the kid were introduced by the research worker. The intercession on curative drama given. A particular room was provided to them in the presence of playthings. The research worker clearly explained and taught about the curative drama by utilizing a stuffed doll and the other needful stuffs. The research worker demonstrated the curative drama. Then the research worker made the kid to pattern the endovenous canulation on the doll by doing an unreal endovenous canulation site utilizing a venflon without stillet. After the intercession the research worker identified that the kid got relaxation from the emphasis of hospitalization. The continuance of the intercession was 20 proceedingss. After the intercession the kid was made to be ready for endovenous canulation. The endovenous canulation was done by the staff nurse. The post-test degree of hurting was assessed during the endovenous canulation by utilizing the same tool. Plan FOR DATA ANALYSIS Collected informations were planned for analysis by utilizing the frequence distribution, descriptive ststistics ( mean, SD, average mark per centum ) and illative statistics ( pupil ‘t ‘ trial, Chi-square trial ) .This was done to happen out the effectivity of curative drama degree of hurting among kids who underwent endovenous canulation. Summary This chapter dealt with the methodological analysis of how the research worker had planned and organized for the informations aggregation, the method of hiting and description of tool, pilot survey, informations aggregation process and program for informations analysis.